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Journal of Health and Productivity

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Obesity and its Metabolic Comorbidities in a Worksite: Prevalence and Economic Impact

D.W. Edington;1 A.B. Schultz1

1 University of Michigan Health Management Research Center, Ann Arbor, MI

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. [Rockville, MD]: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General; 2001.

2. American Medical Association. Obesity. Available at: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/11759.html. Accessed November 2007.

3. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes Res 1998;6:97-106.

4. Finkelstein EA, Fiebelkorn IC, Wang G. National medical spending attributable to overweight and obesity: how much, and who's paying? Health Aff 2003;Web exclusive(W3):219–226.

5. Thompson D, Wolf AM. The medical-care cost burden of obesity. Obes Rev 2001;2:189–197.

6. Wolf A. What is the economic case for treating obesity? Obes Res 1998;6(S1):2S-7S.

7. National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults: United States, 1999. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/obese/obse99.htm Accessed November 2007.

8. Thompson D, Edelsberg J, Colditz GA, Bird AP, and Oster G. Lifetime Health and Economic Consequences of Obesity . Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2177-2183.

9. Burton WN, Chen CY, Schultz AB, Edington DW. The economic costs associated with Body Mass Index in a workplace. J Occup Environ Med 1998;40:786-792.

10. Musich S., Lu C., McDonald T., Champagne L., Edington D. Association of Additional Health Risks on Medical Charges and Prevalence of Diabetes within Body Mass Index Categories. Am J Health Prom 2004;18:264-268.

11. Wang F, McDonald T, Bender J, Reffitt B, Miller A, Edington DW. Association of Healthcare Costs with Per Unit Body Mass Index Increase. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:668–674.

12. Schmier J, Jones ML, Halpern MT. Cost of obesity in the workplace. Scand J Work Environ Health 2006;32:5-11.

13. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SC, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735-2752.

14. Alexander CM, Landsman PB, Teutch SM, et al. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes 2003;52:1210-1214.

15. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States Adults. Circulation 2004;110:1245-1250.

16. Hu G, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in nondiabetic European men and women. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1066-1076.

17. Lakka H-M, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-2716.

18. Wilson PWF, Kannel WB, Silbershatz H, et al. Clustering of metabolic factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1999;259:1104-1109.

19. Grundy S, Hansen B, Smith S, et al. Clinical management of metabolic syndrome: Report of the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association conference on scientific issues related to management. Circulation 2004;109:551-556.

20. Ninomiya JK, L’Italien G, Criqui MH, et al. Association of the metabolic syndrome with history of myocardial infarction and stroke in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation 2004;109:42-46.

21. Costa LA, Canani LH, Lisboa HRK, et al. Aggregation of features of the metabolic syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of chronic complications in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2004;21:252-255.

22. Lakksonen DE, Lakka H-M, Niskanen LK, et al. Metabolic syndrome and development of diabetes mellitus: application and validation of recently suggested definitions of the metabolic syndrome in a prospective cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 2002;156:1070-1077.

23. Hanson RL, Imperatore G, Bennett PH, Knowler WC. Components of the “Metabolic Syndrome” and incidence of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51:3120-3127.

24. Ford ES, Moriarty DG, Zack MM, Mokdad AH, Chapman DP. Self-reported body mass index and health-related quality of life: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Obes Res 2001;9:21-31.

25. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2004;291:1238-1245.

26. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 2001.

27. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA 2003;289:76-79.

28. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemic of obesity in the United States. JAMA 2000;284:1650-1651.

29) Sturm R. The effects of obesity, smoking, and drinking on medical problems and costs: obesity outranks both smoking and drinking in its deleterious effects on health and health costs. Health Aff 2002;21:245-253.

30. Cawley J. An instrumental variables approach to measuring the effect of body weight on employment disability. Health Serv Res 2000;35:1159-1179.

31. Ulijaszek SJ, Kerr DA. Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status. Br J Nutr 1999.82:165-177.

32. Lakka TA, Laaksonen DE, Lakka H-M, Mannikko N, Niskanene LK, Rauramaa R, Salonen JT. Sedentary lifestyle, poor cardiorespiratory fitness, and the metabolic syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35:1279-1286.

33. Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PHR, Burke V. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as predictors of adipose tissue compartments in men. QJM 2003;96:441-447.